Jaguar Yoke

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Jaguar Yoke
ca. 600–900 C.E.
Gulf Coast Veracruz Culture, Mexico
Late Classic Period
Greenstone
Length: 15 in. (38 cm.), Width: 13 in. (39.5 cm.), Height: 4 in. (10 cm.)
Gift of Frederick R. Pleasants, 1962
(ASM Catalog No. A-22754)

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This heavy greenstone yoke is probably a ceremonial replica of a wood, leather, rubber or fiber protective belt worn around the waist by players in a Mesoamerican ballgame where the stakes could cost the loser’s life.

Played by two players or by two teams, a heavy rubber ball was hit back and forth between the players with their hips (in the most common versions of the game) or sometimes with their forearms or with racquets or bats. The highly competitive game was played in a masonry court, usually a long, narrow alley with side walls. Some versions of the ballgame involved hitting the ball through stone rings mounted on the side walls. The ballgame apparently had both secular and religious aspects—in some versions of the game the losers were sacrificial offerings to the gods.

Exactly where the ballgame originated is not known. The oldest discovered ballcourt is at Paso de la Almada on the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico. The Gulf Coast of Veracruz, Mexico, in the Olmec region is another possibility. Versions of the game were played throughout Mesoamerica and as far north as Arizona, though scholars are uncertain how closely related the ballgames played in the Southwest were to the Mesoamerican ballgames.

Versions of ballgames are still played today in parts of Mexico as far north as Sinaloa. The Spanish term for the ballgame is juego de pelota, but the modern game is usually called ulama, after the Aztec (Nahuatl) ullamaliztli meaning roughly “game with a ball.”

The carved jaguar on this yoke reflects the significance of this animal in the spiritual life of the ancient Mesoamericans. Jaguars were especially important as spirit companions and protectors of shamans because of their ability to move stealthily in trees and water, their ability to hunt by day and by night, and their habit of denning in caves, places associated with death and the underworld.

The eye sockets of the jaguar probably once held inlaid shell or precious stone.

Links

Did You Know? The oldest ballgame in the Americas, Mexconnect Electronic Magazine

The Mesoamerican Ballgame—Ulama, Mesoamerican Heritage Chapter of the Asociación de Gestores del Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural de Mazatlán

Students of the Game, John Fox, Smithsonian magazine, April 2006

Video of Modern Ulama Game on YouTube

Mesoamerican Ballgame on Wikipedia

References

Ekholm, Gordon F.

• 1946 “The probable use of Mexican stone yokes.” American Anthropologist 48(4, Pt. 1): 593-606.

Leyenaar, Ted J.J.

• 1978 “Ulama: the perpetuation in Mexico of the pre-Spanish ball game ullamaliztli.” Translated from the Dutch by Inez Seeger. Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, No. 23. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Miller, Mary, and Karl Taube

• 1993 An illustrated dictionary of the gods and symbols of ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson.

Scarborough, Vernon L., and David R. Wilcox (eds.)

• 1991 The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.